Life Is What You Make It Essay Example for Free

Life Is What You Make It EssayIt When thinking most my view of the world, in that respect is a jumble of different philosophies, beliefs, and images going on in my head. There is so much to take into consideration, and it seems that e verything is connected but also scattered in a way that it is weighed down to really be able to dig deep and explain on paper what my worldview is. After many headaches and deep thoughts, I boil it d consume to the things that I could not get out of my head. No matter how hard I tried, I could not get rid of these thoughts when thinking about what to say.These key parts of my worldview are that I cerebrate in the theory of evolution and the big bang theory, not that God created Earth. I believe thither is not a higher figure that determines where you go when you die. I also believe in a persons function to ramp up choices regarding their own life. Although my value and beliefs may nourish been shaped from the people around me, I feel tha t I have values and beliefs that are truly my own and are not what others want me to value and believe in.One of the first things that comes to my mind when hearing the word worldview, is my view on whether or not there is a god and an afterlife. When I was a baby, I was baptised in the Catholic church,but I do not attend church on a weekly basis, and never have. Because of never going to church, I have very little knowledge of the Bible, and the beliefs of Catholicism. Having this little knowledge about religion versus the facts that I have learned in science class makes it very easy for me to believe in the scientific theory of evolution.I have a hard time believing that God created Earth and all its creatures, and counterbalance that there is a God. Which leads me into my view on afterlife and how you get there. I believe that there is somewhere you go when you die. I do not believe that you just rot in the ground. However, I do not necessarily think that it is promised land an d hell, but Im not quite sure what it is yet. As far as getting to the afterlife, I do not believe that there is one figure deciding where you go when you die based on the way you lived your life.Since my values were not based on religion, I believe in the freedom for a persons right to choose regarding their life and death. Abortion, assisted suicide, homo and heterosexuality are all examples of the freedom of choices that I believe in. I think people have the right to make their own choices regarding their personal life, without the judgement from God or even other people. Another very strong value that I have is that I think it is wrong to judge someone based on their skin color, religion, body type, sexuality and even the opinions they have.I think that it is right to abide by rules and laws. If the majority of our society did not follow the laws that we have, America would be in chaos. I like the idea of a democracy, that everyone who wants a say gets one, but yet there is a gr oup of people who keep society organized. In my opinion, my values, beliefs and what I think is right and wrong have been shaped from different influences. Obviously, the first influence came from my parents. Growing up in their household has definitely shaped my beliefs.For example, my parents taught me to abide by the rules apt(p) to you. But there are also some things that I do not agree with my parents on. For example, my father thinks being gay is wrong, I strongly differ with that. Another factor influencing my values and beliefs is my peers. My values resemble my closest friends values and beliefs and because we have common views and that is why we are so connected. I grew accustomed to their values and beliefs because of being around my friends so often.In conclusion, my worldview is that there is no higher figure that determines your fate during life and when you die. Each individual personally has the right to make choices regarding his or her own destiny in life. I belie ve that my knowledge from science classes taught me that the Earth was created because of a big bang in the universe which is more powerful than my knowledge of how God created Earth and its species. My values and beliefs are truly my own, yet they would not be the same if I did not have the guidance and knowledge from my parents and peers.

Tootsie Roll Industries Inc. Loan Package Essay Example for Free

Tootsie d young Industries Inc. Loan Package EssayTootsie register Industries Inc. and its branches makes and sells candy including Andes mints, Junior Mints, Charleston Chew, Mason Dots, Sugar Daddy, and the ever fashionable Tootsie Roll, which has been made from the same formula for over a 100 historic period (Hoovers Academics, 2012) Tootsie Roll Industrys customers include a wide variety of supermarkets, dollar sign stores, discount warehouse clubs, fund-raising charitable organizations, and the unite States Military (Reuters, 2012). Team A studied various financial statements, such as the income statements, statements of cash flows and performed a balance analysis to look at the Financial Condition of Tootsie Roll Industries. A ratio analysis helps explain the relations between the different statements to help take up it off the companionships opportunity for improvement when looking at each individual financial statement (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2009).The finan cial review revealed that product sales have decreased 2.8% from the previous year in the first quarter and cost of goods sold as a percentage of net sales increased from 64.3% to 67.1% (Tootsie Roll Industries Inc. 10-Q, 2008). As a result of higher total costs from an increase on the costs of ingredients, packaging material costs, and the Canadian dollar foreign change graze Fair Value of financial assets of Tootsie Roll Industries (expressed in thousands) for fiscal year 2007 was reported at $73,928. The corporation has tried to reduce the use of raw materials by using derivative hedging instruments to reduce the market price exposure, to swings, and increase their net profit (Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. Financial position, 2008).Tootsie Roll Industries Inc. affronts various risks in the market including the fluctuations in prices for the ingredients to make its candies and the cost of packaging and fuel for delivery of its products. The Canadian Dollar exchange footstep in creases the participations total costs. The bon ton needs to use Canadian dollars to buy a portion of raw and packaging materials as well as to pay for the companys operating(a) expenses in Canadian plants. Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. limits its exposure to fluctuations in the markets occupy rates by investing in and generally holding securities with a maturity rate of at least three years (Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. 10-Q,2008). After Team A reviewed the financial statements of Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. the team members agreed to the stopping point that it would be expedient to open a factory in the United States. This strategy will create job opportunities, and decrease the negative effect of the foreign exchange rate that the company has been experiencing with the Canadian dollar. The decision of opening a new factory promotes good will in the United States with opportunities to expand the business.Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. management and stockholders analyze its financial statements to create the new action plan based on the companys needs. The accountants and financial advisors completed a deep analysis of the company financial ratios, to identify, and compute the liquidity ratios to determine the companys ability to repay the debt. The solvency ratios determine if the company will survive over a coarse term, and the profitability ratios predestine the operating success of the company. The profitability ratios, such as the profit margin ratio result very low 10.4% but unbosom profitable, the debt to assets total ratio was 21. 5%, and with the new loan will increase to 31.5% which is still good for such a large company and the times interest earn ratio increased 5.2 times slightly improving the companys solvency.The current ratio improved 3.44% demonstrating the companys liquidity (Appendix 1) Tootsie Roll Industries is thinking about opening a factory in the United States and how this will create more job opportunities and also reduce t he negative effectuate on the foreign exchange rate with the Canadian dollar. The best type of loan to seek is CDC/504 program. This program will allow Tootsie Roll to provide jobs for the biotic community while also improving on its interest rates. The requirements for the loan is to provide financial statements, such as the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flow, and retained fee statement for the past three years. The information provided to a lender for the purpose of borrowing money to build a new facility in the United States.The amount of the loan that Tootsie Roll is asking for is $1million to purchase a facility, or build a new facility in the United States. This would be for edifice purchase, land, equipment, supplies, and any other soft costs needs. The loan requirements according to Small Business Administration (SBA) structure 40% of total project costs by the participating lending company, 50% covering total project costs and 10% covered by Tootsie Roll (SBA, 2012) Therefore, TootsieRoll meets the CDC/504 requirements for the loan by any building or renovating a building.The key is to provide new jobs to the community with the possibility of expansion in the near future. The life of the loan is 20 years at a fixed rate with 90% of financing. This type of loan does not require a balloon payment, however Tootsie Roll will be able to make monthly payments until the debt is paid off. Tootsie Roll can protract it is assets for collateral if the debt is not repaid. These assets can be the other property, plant, and equipment (SBA, 2012)ConclusionsTeam A discussed the reasons for the company to obtain a loan, and the destination benefits of the funds. Another transgressic discussed was the loan requirements and how to overcome those requirements with a detailed business plan and strategy to expand the business and offer new jobs to help the economy and the community development. Finally the company had to show the financial state ments to present a loan package offer to the selected lender, disclosing the new debt ratio, to demonstrate the companys ability of repayment for the loan. Present and explain how this loan will benefit the community and its benchmarking strategy to compete in the market with top performance companies and increased their market share. Even though the company is adding another debt to its liabilities, it will still help the companys growth, and lead the industry.References(n.d.). Retrieved March 10, 2012, from www.hoovers.com www.hoovers.com/company/Tootsie_Roll_Industries../rrcsif-1.html(n.d.). Retrieved March 10, 2012, from www. reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66..TR www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66..TRTootsie Roll Industires From 10-Q. (2008, March 29). The United States Securities and Exchange Commision Form 10-Q. Washington, D.C.Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. and subsidiariescondensed consolidatedstatements of financial position. (2008, November 11). Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. 10-Q.Kimmel, P. D., Weygandt, J. J., Kieso, D. E. (2009). Accounting Tools for business decision making. Hoboken John Wiley Sons, Inc.www.sba.gov retrieved 12 March 2012

Vygotsky Influenced By Marxism Sociology Essay

Vygotsky Influenced By Marxism Sociology EssayIt is known and accepted in professional journals and forges that Marxism influenced Vygotsky but why did this not tell up in the earlier translations by Western psychologists?Marxism and VygotskyL.S. Vygotsky was a witness of the Russian variety, which was the hot bed of Marxist theory and the forced development of a communist state (Elhammoumi, 2002). This was a dot of tremendous stress and change for the Russian people, in which a significant ideological struggle took place (Elhammoumi, 2002). The elemental premise to this struggle was between a focus on the private individual and a socially collective existence (Elhammoumi, 2002). At this level of philosophical transformation mixed with the great turmoil of the time, is the perfect environment for innovative scientist to produce new ideas (Elhammoumi, 2002). The same effect is what compelled Vygotskys ambition to be a fate of what was called the new socialist experiment (Elhamm oumi, 2002). Vygotsky could not confine turn awayed the effect this philosophy had on his life and invariably, his methods base on this, we can deduce that the Russian innovation is major evidence of the influence Marxism had his lifes work.Another Marxist influences which show in Vygotskys work ar the following definitions, directly from Vygotsky work such as the marches Adherence, which means the rejection of all non-materialist and non-Marxist theories (Elhammoumi, 2002). Other Marxist associations to Vygotskys work include his belief that society is not made up of the individual or groups of individuals but is the heart and soul of their interrelationships as construed in the Marxist approach (Elhammoumi, 2002). Or the use of statements in his work such as counsciousness is shaped by social relations, which is also an outstanding idea of Marx (Elhammoumi, 2002). Or Vygotskys work in which he advocates that change in human behavior has several elementary origins, such as , the destruction of capitalist forms of organisation and production the withering away of capitalist order and all forces which oppress man (Elhammoumi, 2002). Or that Vygotsky believed that the destruction of capitalism would be instrumental in dismissal mankind from oppressive powers and allow man to liberate his growth (Elhammoumi, 2002). These ideas were commonly held by Marxist ideology and wrapped in Vygotskys historical-social theories (Elhammoumi, 2002). While researching journals for this paper, I came crosswise an abundance of examples which clearly state that the Marxist influence is now widely accepted within the professional psychological arena. With these examples alone, we can easily defy that Vygotsky was not only influenced by Marx, but we could say that his works were integral in developing, at least, the basis of Marxist psychological science (Roth, 2007). Why accordingly, was this notion rejected and flush suppressed by earlier Western psychologists until a few decades aft(prenominal) World War II?The West and VygotskyThere has been much speculation in the psychological community in the past that Vygotsky was not a Marxist per se, regardless of his use of the doctrine in his work (Sheehy, 2004). This idea was due to Vygotskys work world shunned in the Soviet Union grounded by areas in which Vygotsky questioned and disagreed with Marx (Elhammoumi, 2002). This disagreement led some earlier Western psychologists to argue that Vygotsky rejected Marxism altogether, and was not regard in the development of Marxist psychology (Kosulin, 1986). Other Western psychologist had not only separated Vygotsky from Marxism but had included a rejection of what was termed as bourgeoisie humanism (Elhammoumi, 2002).Nonetheless, Marxist and Soviet psychologists knew that Vygotskys work was crucial in linking their proletariat brand of psychology with natural science in order to keep up with the developments being made in Germany and the United States (S heehy, 2004). In order to solid stateify this link, Vygotsky would pass on to officially be a communist, which the Soviets implied (Sheehy, 2004). Accordingly, Vygotskys Marxist influence in many cases failed to be mentioned in earlier Western translations at all centrally, by overlooking the Marxist influence Vygotskys work is significantly weakended (Kosulin, 1986). The possibility of such suppression could adopt to a crisis in the advancement in the replete(p) study of psycholgogy (Kosulin, 1986). But, as will be explained later, Vygotsky link to the development of Soviet Psychology was questionable (Elhammoumi, 2002).We have established that the reasoning behind the suppression of Vygotskys Marxist influence, especially for the American psychologists, is the implication that Vygotsky work was directly involved in what eventually became the Soviet totalitarian government, which is now considered a false accusation (Roth, 2007). Do not forget that Vygotsky perviously shared restrictive ideas with Marxism but did not agree on all stances in regards to psychology (Elhammoumi, 2002). And today we understand that much of Vygotskys connection with Soviet Psychology comes from a Soviet Psychologist names Leontiev (Kosulin, 1986).Leontiev rose to prominence after a period in which Soviet officials had rejected Vygotsky due to his work influenced by the Gestalt psychology and the cross-cultural analysis of consciousness which was considered bourgeois and anti-communist (Kosulin, 1986). This prominence was gained by winning then prestigious Lenin Prize for scientific research, which gave Leontiev access to power within the Soviet governing body (Kosulin, 1986). This enabled him to reintroduce Vygotsky into the Soviet scientific world, an in order to avoid questions regarding Vygotskys original shunning, Leontiev named himself the interpreter of Vygotsky (Kosulin, 1986). Because of this, Vygotsky came to be known as a mere predecessor of Leontiev, which enabled Leontiev the freedom to correct the flaws in Vygotskys work thereby creating a solid link to the development of Soviet psychology (Kosulin, 1986). Evidence is now known that this link is a myth. Regardless, at the time, Western psychologists were rightfully under the impression that Vygotsky and Soviet Psychology were inexplicably linked (Kosulin, 1986). This is, of course, the main reasoning behind creating sanitized translations of Vygotskys work suppressing the Marxist influence, not to mention more personal reasons like the lack of agree sales (Elhammoumi, 2002). At the time, due to the Cold War, Western psychologist were uninterested in promoting anyone associated with communism, socialism, or Marxism (Kosulin, 1986). This went on until the late 1970s and early 1980s when Vygotskys involvement in Soviet science began to be questioned (Kosulin, 1986).MY VIEWI can jaw this point of view (was V a Marxist?), especially by Westerners, after Soviet Psychologists in later years, int egrated Vygotsky into their philosophies which were heavily influenced by political doctrine and the Soviet state itself.In my view, it would be difficult to believe it did not, based on the fact he was alive and living in Russia during the Revolution how could anyone, especially an intellectual like Vygotsky, could not be influenced by the break-down of a political system which had been integral in the make-up of Russia for generations.Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934),But, I can see why some psychologist believe there was a connection between Vygotsky and the face of Marxist philosophy in the late 1920s, since Vygotsky did not die until 1934. The fundamentals of MarxistInstead of viewing these changes through the eyes of politics. Whether or not you agree or disagree or land somewhere in between in regards to Marxism it remains a ground-breaking shift in intellectualism. In order to see this from another view, Russian, in some cases, was still practicing feudalism which was the social a nd political structure of the Middle Ages In the 19th century, as the West experienced a new age of industry and innovation. Although, in my view, true Marxism never came to be in its pure form, and instead, we witnessed the dilapidation and eventual fall of a distortion of this philosophy. I, personally, if these statements are accurate, do not want to see any philosophical or scientific works be deluded by political influences. I believe it is important to maintain historical accuracy, or we are no different than the oppressiveness of the former Soviet Union.What is meant by this, per the author, is that Society does not consist of individuals, but expresses the rundown of interrelations, the relations within which these individuals stand and real intellectual wealth of the individual depends entirely on the wealth of his real connections This make sense. (Elhammoui, 2002)It is understood, in my view, that Westerners, Americans in particular, have a deep-seated distrust in anyth ing related to communism based on the Cold War which is the case with Marxism.The main point Elhammoumi is trying to make is that it is important to maintain Vogotskys Marxist influence in order to maintain a period of major intellectual creativity which occurred during and after the Russian Revolution (Elhammoumi, 2002).First of all, if Marxism was truly so impactful to vigotsky, then the omission of that would not be an accurate translation, which could have possibly left integral pieces out for Western psychologists spot working to perfect the science as a whole (Kosulin, 1986).Example of myself or someone I know who experienced this (see directions)Conclusion Paragraph for entire paperSHOULD BE PART OF CONCLUSION Vygotsky, by using the framework of a post-revolutionary Soviet society, was determined to develop a new form of psychology (Elhammoumi, 2002). Just by what we have seen in the previous examples it becomes apparent that within Vygotskys theory, it seems as though he attempted to develop a type of suppositional psychology for Marxism (Elhammoumi, 2002). This brings us to the the issue of the West and Vygostky.TOPIC PAPER 1 7117 Due 3/5 Midnight submit to turnitin.com 24 hrs earlier3 to 5 pages without cover and ref page. Each paper will contain a discussion of, or reflection upon, the topic presented in the course. MUST CITE AT LEAST 2 ADDITIONAL ARTICLES FROM PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS not including those already utilized as part of the course materials. ABSTRACTS are not necessary. Each paper should containA summary of ONE major theory/concept (or portion of a theory/concept).At least one example from your own experience or someone you know that is relevant to or illustrates the topic/concept. Your persepective about (a critique of) the theory/concept. You must provide substantive arguments to justify your point of view.

The Factors That Affect The Prescription Behavior

The Factors That Affect The prescription BehaviorThe aim of the field of battle is to investigate the factors that affect the ethical drug carriage of doctors. As generic medicines ar taking the market sh atomic number 18 of big put uped one, the latter is trying to review their strategies in order to get back their market sh ar. Mauritians argon price conscious(p) nowadays, they bequeath look for better prices for the purchase of their extremitys and wants and even out doctors would like to prescribe cheaper medicines in order to attract more of their customers. But what innovator firms atomic number 18 trying to do, is to eliminate generic firms from the market by hook or by crook. So this study testament be more focus on the possible alternative Marketing mix strategies that can be adopted by generic firms in Mauritius in order to survive in this harsh pharmaceutic market. The research objectives were to analyze the factors that influence prescription medicine b ehavior of doctors and to localise if mobile marketing and digital platforms ( accessible media) are means for staying in this competition. Conceptual frameworks give be used. Both exploratory and descriptive studies will be used. The population would be consisted of general practitioners and some pharmacists. The sampling method would be stratified sampling. data analysis would be done using SPSS 20 statistical software. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, hypothesis testing will be done.1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduction of the studyThe pharmaceutic industry is an important sector in the worldwide economy. Indeed, it is considered as one of the most dynamic and fast growing industries. The pharmaceutic industry consists of numerous players, whole of whom h obsolescent only a sm any market share of the industry. The 2009 global 500 lists 12 international pharmaceutic companies (table 1.1).The fortune global 500 penning besides shows that Milan is the highest profit acqu irer with 48.4 % profit change from 2009. Eli Lilly was ranked as the second highest with 17.1% followed by Johnson Johnson with 8.7% and Biogen Idec with 3.6% and so on. Consequently, big firms Pfizer and Merck had encountered a decreased in the dower change from 2009.The pharmaceutical industry is now facing a lot of serious challenges. Patents on major drugs continue to expire while companies struggle to offer innovative break through and through to offset the impact of generic substitutes. The regulative environment is becoming more intense as the food and drug nerve(FDA) looks to impose more effective safety standards in approving new drugs. In addition, rising anger over the price of prescription drugs and calls for lower prices may pass off to further reduction in revenue growth. These challenges facing the brand name pharmaceuticals are considered as promising opportunities to grow for an different sector in the pharmaceutical industry, the generics. Patents expiratio n means the ability of generics to produce and sell more and more pharmaceutical products at lower prices. The increased focus on generic drugs as follow effective alternatives to the expensive brand name drugs along with the very high growth rates of generics pee-pee made the Federal batch Commission in cooperation with the FDA to put new rules that ensure timely access of consumers to generic pharmaceutical products and to ensure that consumers are valueed from potentially anti-competitive arrangements between brand name and generic drug makers. These rules are widely known as the Hatch Waxman act. Lately, in the pharmaceutical industry, there are many trends taking place. oneness of them is the generic drugs and the other being the globalization of generic medicine. Generic Medicines are taking the market share of branded medicines around the world, so big pharmaceutic companies brace turned to underhanded practices to get these cheaper drugs out of the market1.2 Backgroun d of the studyThe Pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in the worlds economy, as easily as in ensuring the welfare of its citizens. It is apart from other industries since it offers the world population cure and alleviation from disease and contributes to the economies of many nations.In Mauritius, the pharmaceutical industry consists of a public sector as well as a private sector. The Public sector comprises of hospitals, dispensaries, area heath sectors and medi-clinics. The latter is free of charge and accessible to the public. Moreover the medication is free of charge for the patients. Doctors working in the public sector do non have the right to do private practices deport specialist doctors who are authorized to do so after working hours (4 p.m). The public sectors buys all drugs through tenders and the doctors working there cannot prescribe drugs other than that lendable in the hospital. Hospitals usually look forward to have business with generic pharmaceutic al companies because of cheaper quotations. On the contrary, in the private sector, the patients have to pay to consult a doctor, whether it is a specialist of a general practitioner. These doctors are free to prescribe drugs of their weft that the patient can buy in any drug house. intimately Pharmaceutical companies focus their marketing mix on these doctors for prescription drugs and on pharmacies of OTC products so as to conquer the maximum market share as well to be more profitable. POM and OTC drugs are the both major types of pharmaceutical products. POMs are licensed medicines regulated by legislation, and requiring a prescription for purchase. On the other hand, OTC drugs are medicines directly sold to patients without any prescription from doctors.The study will be focused principal(prenominal)ly on prescription drugs where the market involves a complex buying and decision making accomplish. So, private doctors will be my main focus since they are the ones to prescrib e drugs and followed by Pharmacists who are as well responsible for the success of some generic pharmaceutical firms. Moreover, this study will mainly focused on the marketing miscellaneous strategies used by Generic pharmaceutical firms and how they influence the prescription behavior of doctors in Mauritius.1.3 Statement of problemSince Generic pharmaceutical market is getting bigger day by day, they will be more competitors in the pharmaceutical market. This in turn resulted in very tough competition both against brand name manufacturers and indoors the generic industry itself. Of course, this highly competitive environment relies mainly on price differences and will definitely lead to price wars among all Generic Pharmaceutical Companies. The problem is that for generics to aver on cost leadership and hence lower selling prices as a sole competitive strategy will lead definitely to industry exit by many companies due to low profitability.Moreover, physicians and pharmacists prefer to dispense generic medicines and this has a slap-up negative impact on the innovators companies where their sales, profits and market share were touch on. Consequently the innovator companies will decrease their expenditure, budget, reduce headcounts and spend a lot of money in enforceing new strategies and shell out various promotional activities in order to keep their market share and maintain their profits.So, Generic Companies must find other competitive marketing mixed strategies to differentiate themselves if they are to survive in this highly competitive environment.1.4 Significance of the study1.4.1 ObjectivesTo study some of the various marketing activities related to the pharmaceutical market in Mauritius and in particularBranding strategiesPricing strategiesPromotion strategies (sponsorship, gifts etceteraAnalyze the earmark marketing mix strategies for generic companies working in Mauritius.To study the cost leadership as a generic strategy and its effective ness for generic companies working in Mauritius.From the doctors responses, identify if the use of mobile marketing and other companionable Medias (Facebook, msn, yahoo, Skype) will be a competitive advantage.From the doctors responses, formulate other generic strategies that can be adopted by generic Pharmaceutical companies working in Mauritius.1.4.2 Research QuestionsTo serve the purpose of this study we shall terminus the following research questionsWhat are the possible marketing mix tools that can be used by the Generic Pharmaceuticals?Is the cost leadership as a competitive strategy sufficient alone for generics to survive in this highly competitive industry in Mauritius?What other Marketing mix strategies that can be adopted by generic pharmaceuticals working in Mauritian Market?1.5 surmisal (Assumptions)The following hypotheses base on the objectives of the study have been formulatedHypothesis IHo Prescription behavior is not touched by distribution CharacteristicsHA Pr escription behavior of doctors is affected by feature articlesHypothesis IIHo Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by promotionHA Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by promotionHypothesis IIIHo Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by medical representative skills and relationship characteristics.HA Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by medical representative skills and relationship characteristicsHypothesis IVHo Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by product characteristicsHA Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by product characteristicsHypothesis VHo Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by drug costHA Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by drug cost.Hypothesis VIHo Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by samplingHA Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by samplingHypothesis VIIHo Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by frequency of trim of medical representativeHA Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by frequency of visit of medical representativeHypothesis VIIIHo It is not important to implement mobile marketing in the pharmaceutical marketing mix strategyHA It is important to implement mobile marketing in the pharmaceutical marketing mix strategy.Hypothesis IXHo It is not important to implement social platform and other digital platforms in the marketing mix strategy.HA It is important to implement social platform and other digital platforms in the marketing mix strategy.2.0 writings REVIEWThis chapter presents theories pertaining to the stated research questions. The theories will cover the most important elements of the marketing mix and their implication on the generic pharmaceutical industry. This chapter will also discuss the different competitive strategies and the possibility to adopt them to the generic pharmaceutical industry.2.1 IntroductionThe pharmaceutical industry is a mountainous and important industry worldwide, w here its practices have direct impact on the welfare of patients in specific and the society in general (Manchanda Honka, 2005). The pharmaceutical market is characterized by the phenomena of derived demand, where the end consumer of the product is not necessarily the decision maker in the purchase process. The process is controlled by the patients physicians, where physicians act as gatekeepers or intermediaries who decide whether or not a purchase will be made and if so, which drug will be purchased through prescriptions (Zelnio, 1982). Thus, the pharmaceutical industry is characterized by multiplicity of market players including physicians, medical representatives, patients, insurance companies, government, health organizations etc. Moreover, the industry is highly regulated and monitored by various institutions including health organizations on a national and international level (Carter Chitturi, 2009).There are two major types of pharmaceutical products, prescription only me dicines (POM) and over-the-counter drugs (OTC). POMs are licensed medicine regulated by legislation, and requiring a prescription for purchase. On the contrary, OTC drugs are medicines directly sold to patients and not requiring a prescription from a healthcare professional, i.e. physician. This paper will solely study marketing techniques tailored for POMs. The researcher chose to study the POM market because it constitutes the main sector of the international pharmaceutical industry and it is challenging for research because it involves a complex buying and decision making process where patients can only dispense POMs with a physicians prescription (British Medical Association, 2006). The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by multiplicity of market players including physicians, medical representatives, patients, insurance companies, government, health organizations etc. Since physicians are a key determinant for the prescription of POMs (Huh Langteau, 2007) hence the litera ture review will discuss all the marketing mix strategies used by pharmaceutical firms to influence the Doctors prescription behavior.2.2 The followings are some of the findings done by researchers on the traditional marketing mix strategies used by pharmaceutical firmsIrin P. et al (2009) emphasizingd the need for continuous marketing research .There is a real need of continuous pharmaceutical analysis, because it is essential for success to understand the uniqueness of the pharmaceutical industry benefiting of the complex and iterative process that care in fully builds a pharmaceutical data warehouse, this being considered a necessity to the strategic direction of any pharmaceutical company facing increased competition and external pressure.The study done by Morgan M.A. et al (2006) shows that Acceptance of drug samples was judged to be ethical by more or less all answerers and acceptance of a lucrative consultant ship by just over a half. Respondent s seem to believe that the h onest doctor is more alike(p)ly to accept most items and is more likely to be influenced in his or her prescribing practices by accepting an item than they are.A effectual study by Gonul et al. (2001) explored the impact of visits by sales representatives and samples, on prescribing. However, the study also showed that excessive detailing or samples did not increase sales further, and that doctors who aphorism a high proportion of Medicare or Health Maintenance Organization patients were less influenced by promotion.Garima Malik (2011) Said in their study of sales promotion of Dabur India express in Indian rural market that the success of business in India will be decided in the future by its success in the heart of India that is the rural market.Harris G., (2009) said that Overall, there is clearly a substantial, though variable, effect from one-to-one drug information delivery. This study adds to our knowledge of the subject and reminds us that there is no such thing as a free lunch these visits really do result in increased sales.Dr Rajan T. D. believes that the regular visit by a medical representative as per him, Name is not all what it takes to get into the mind space of a busy doctor. Every product, old or new, requires extensive marketing. Any busy consultant will vouch that if a particular companys medical representative (MR) fails to show up for over a month, he suspects the availability of the products of that manufacturer.Charlene Prounis (2003) has excellently expressed that the relationship between pharma field force and doctors is very important and crucial part Major changes are in the works for sales force and pharma company relations with doctors. If companies fail to address sales repsnegative image, physicians-and possibly governments-are likely to further restrict, or even terminate, the doctor- rep relationship. But companies can take steps to strengthen that bond. Doctors may be unhappy about pharmas huge field force, but they unders tand that reps have a job to do. Better pharma marketing will make doctors and reps happier. And both sides will benefit. As per Jayakumar, (2008) usual marketing practices followed by most of the large and mid- coatd companies include valuable gifts, arranging foreign trips with family and complimentary tickets and memberships for social activities to doctors.Verma (2004) has highlighted one of the important points of give and take relationship as per study, Social scientists describe and the pharmaceutical industry follows the, norm of reciprocity i.e., the obligation to help those who have helped you, as one of the fundamental guiding principle of human interactions. It is not surprising, therefore, that pharmaceutical companies rely on this principle of human nature by giving gifts to doctors in hope that they will prescribe their firms product in return.2.3 Digital PlateformPharmaceutical companies need to employ a multichannel approach to fulfill their Physician marketing obje ctive in 2012. Digital in this scenario is becoming the big trend with innovative and integrated solutions. The vast majority of physicians today are digitally active, accessing multiple devices and networks as part of their day-to-day activities. Physicians are increasingly interested in video and social media for personal and professional usage. According to Manhattan Research, 81% of Physicians are expected to own a smart phone by 2012, 79% of Physicians have watched Video clips online and 72% of the Physicians engage in social media, either for personal purposes, professional or both.(UBM Medica-HCPs and social media) (Source Manhattan Research, 2012)3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis section describes the methodology that will be followed to address the hypotheses or research questions. It includes the research blueprint, sampling method, data collecting procedures, research instrumentation and related data analysis3.1 Research DesignResearch design provides the basic direction fo r carrying out a research project so as to obtain answers to research questions. A descriptive research design will be adopted for this study as it involves a sight of quantitative information by conducting a survey. The descriptive research design will then make predictions and analyse the behaviour of Mauritian consumers with respect to the survey.3.2 Population and Sample3.2.1 Target populationA research population is a well-defined collection of individuals or objects known to have similar characteristics. All individuals or objects inwardly a certain population usually have a common, binding characteristic or trait. (http//www.experiment-resources.com/research-population.html) The target population for the study will include a representative sample of the Mauritian population. This sample will include Mauritian consumers within different age groups, different locality and different professional backgrounds.3.2.2 Sampling MethodA sample is simply a subset of the population. T he concept of sample arises from the softness of the researchers to test all the individuals in a given population. The sample must be representative of the population from which it was drawn and it must have good size to warrant statistical analysis. (http//www.experiment-resources.com/research-population.html)Thus, it is of great importance of ensuring that the appropriate sampling techniques and to design the sampling method to minimize any error or response bias.The appropriate sampling technique that will be adopted for this study will be a quota sampling so as to be able to a chieve surveys with consumers of different age groups, different regions and professional backgrounds.3.2.3 Sample SizeTo determine the sample size we will need to calculate the necessary sample size for a different combination of levels of precision, confidence level (95%), and variability. The confidence level tells you how sure you can be. It is expressed as a part and represents how often the trut hful percentage of the population who would pick an answer lies within the confidence interval.The level of precision also known as the sampling error is the range in which the true value of the population is estimated to be. The 95% confidence level means you can be 95% certain. This range is often expressed in percentage points, (e.g., 5 percent). A proportion of 0.5 indicates the maximum variability in a population. Slovins formula is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a margin of error (e).Therefore the Solvins formula, as described below, will be used to calculate the sample size at 5% level of precision.n = N / (1 + Ne2)Hence the sample size for this study will be 200.3.3 The research InstrumentThe research instrument for this research study will consist of a incorporate questionnaire so as to prompt relevant information from the doents, which will constitute primary and secondary sources of data.Through the means of structured questionna ires, responses can be gathered in a regularise way and furthermore it is quicker to collect information using a questionnaire potentially utilitarian information can be collected from a large portion of a group. Its cost-effective, easy to analyse, reduces bias and is less intrusive than other survey methods. raft participating in surveys can complete them whenever they want. Theyre also more likely to respond honestly to questions if they know their answers are anonymous. An open-ended question will boost the respondents to give a full, meaningful answer while using his knowledge and/or feelings. Whereas, a closed-ended question provides the respondents with a list of answer selects from which they must choice to answer the question. For this particular study, the questionnaire will include both open ended and closed ended questions. The close ended will comprise of dichotomous, multiple choice response, as well as likert scaled information and ratings.The questionnaire will c onsist of four main sections whereSection A will illustrate the about the factors impact the Prescription behaviour. (Promotional sources, relationship, price, product characteristics and distribution channels)Section B will illustrate the traditional detailing, skill of detailing of medical representative and the promotional incentives offered by pharmaceutical firmSection C will be focused only if whether or not doctors use digital platforms for medical research. (I-pad, smart phone and social media)Section D will be mainly on Demographic characteristics of the respondents.3.4 Data Collection MethodThe choice of data collection mode influences the consummation to which the data are affected by each type of non-sampling error and is influenced by the data collection strategy, the type of variables involved, the accuracy required and the data collection points. (http//eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/418/1/MethodsReviewPaperNCRM-008.pdf) Therefore, a survey method will be adopted for the data c ollection as this particular research will involve a quantitative phase which will involve the use of a structured questionnaire. Coverage error (also known as sampling frame bias) occurs when not all members of a target population have an equal chance of being selected in the survey sample. This type of error tends to be lower for survey methods that are able to make use of more comprehensive lists for sampling purposes.Data will be collected by scheduling meetings with the different targeted persons identified for the quota ground sampling where the questionnaires will be either distributed to the targeted respondents, to be ultimately collected a few days later or will be fill up on the spot by the respondents with the help of the interviewer.3.5 Validity and ReliabilityValidity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. It is vital for a test to be validated in order for the results to be accurately applied and interpreted, whereas Reliability has to do with the quality of measurement. In its everyday sense, dependableness is the consistency or repeatability of your measures. Validity and realism will be taken into serious consideration for this study3.5.1 Pre TestingFor a pilot test for many surveys is done for the purpose of testing the full implementation procedures. Pilot tests are usually conducted well in advance of when the survey will be fielded so as to identify and eliminate problems former to the field phase. 10% of the sample size will be used for pilot testing prior to the data collection phase. The pilot testing will be used for pilot testing prior to the data collection phase. The pilot test will be used to check questions relevancy, by that respondent understands all questions and its rationale behind.3.5.2 Reliability of dataReliability of data is used to check for internal consistency of data which is measured using coefficient alpha. A reliability coefficient of .70 or higher is considered acceptable for rese arch study. Therefore, for the purpose of this study a Cronbachs alpha of 0.7 or higher will be considered acceptable, and that below 0.75 was regarded as multidimensional. The standardized Cronbachs alpha is as follows3.6 Data analysis and interpretationThe data file will then be organized and analysed employing the SPSS software version 16.0. Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used for analysis where descriptive statistics will include frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistics will include regression analysis, correlation, chi square, T-test, ANOVA. Significant tests will be conducted at 5% level using p-value as indicator for both conditional relation and hypothesis testing whereIndicator for significanceP-value less than 0.05 = statistical significanceP-value greater than 0.05 = no significanceIndicators to be used for hypothesis testingP-value less or equal to 0.05 = reject slide fastener hypothesis (H0)P-value greater than 0. 05 = do not reject Null hypothesis (H0)4.0 EXPECTED OUTPUTSThe following results might be expectedPersonal selling through medical representative visits and detailing as a powerful tool do influence doctors prescription behaviour.Factors like packaging, availability, stock and expiry date of products also influence doctors dispensing behaviour.Product characteristics (efficacy, side effect, etc) do influence the prescription behaviour of doctors.The frequencies of visit of medical representatives do influence the doctors prescription behaviour.Sampling has a great impact on doctors prescription behaviourTools like clinical trials and studies regarding a certain medicine do have a great impact on doctors prescription behaviour.Doctors are interested in the publication of generic medicines in medical journals.Building close relations with doctors through public relations activities like table meetings, seminars and presentations are considered as an effective promotional activity.The use of ipad for detailing is an innovative tool to grab doctors attention and is much appreciated by doctors.Doctors prefer to dispense cheaper medicines to Mauritians.Nowadays, Most of the doctors are using smart phones and ipad for medical updates.Many doctors use social media for queries and update about medicines.5.0 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONSIn order to protect confidentiality, the data collected will not be revealed to others expect in the form of processed data/information without detailing the identity of the individual responses. relevant permission will be sought from the concerned authorities prior to administering the questionnaires.6.0 LIMITATION OF THE STUDYThe limitation of the study is that not all the targeted doctors will respond due to time constraints. However, the data collected from respondents will be analysed and interpreted within the limited framework allowed.7.0 CONCLUSIONThis study will try to identify the key factors of the marketing mix that really has a gr eat impact on doctors prescription behaviour. It will also help generic companies to identify the main influencing factors which might make them be competitive. Personal questions concerning the type of mobile phone used and for which purpose, will try to find out if mobile marketing could be implemented as an important tool for the marketing mix strategies.

Michael Jackson Approach To Dance Drama Essay

Michael Jackson Approach To Dance Drama Essay creative activity-ren accepted for his influence on the internationalist medical specialty and dance scene, Michael Jackson is an iconic figure in the entertainment industry. His talent in being able to fuse his music and dance way together so seamlessly was probably one of the reasons for his booming success as an artist. The transformation and influence that he had brought about in the entertainment industry, dance included, mightiness very well be the greatest legacy that any solo artist had ever left behind.Michael Jackson, as great a dancer as he was, had surprisingly no musket ball dance training throughout his career. He was completely self-taught and worked very much in isolation when it came to perfecting many of his famous dance moves (Beers). He had a strong ability as a child to absorb and imitate what he saw quickly. Lacking a formal education, as Michael went around performing, he learnt by watching. Michael Jackson sa id that the greatest education in the world is watching the masters at work and that was what he did, making the best of his circumstances as a child. He was a perfectionist in many aspects, including dance, sp dyinging hours refining his steps and moves till they were flawless in the beginning they were presented on stage.Michael Jacksons dance air was influenced by a wide range of people and names, from RB artists to ballerinas, from jazz to street dances and African-American indigenous courses. He was fictive in the way he brought different techniques of various dance forms together, taking whatever he saw and liked in other dances and making them his own (Roy). Eventually, the dance flair that became uniquely his spanned a wide range dynamically, from fluid, smooth dance movements to sharp, angular and accented ones. His smooth dance style was visually likable in that his movements were so connected they just seemed to flow from one to some other. At the same time, his sig nature movements, such as the moonwalk, posed a sense of arcanum to the audience as to how it could be done, especially since he seemed to be able to do it so effortlessly. What made the moonwalk so intriguing was that walking, which we are all so familiar with, lifting one foot and putting it in front of the other, could in fact be done without lifting a foot off the ground at all. Perhaps it was the desire of uncovering the mystery and mastery of his steps that sparked off so much interest in learning them. At the opposite end of the spectrum was his strong accented style of dancing, like that of the robot dance. The movements were a lot less connected and much more punctuated. His accented style of dancing affect intricate bodywork and precise isolation.Even with such a range of movements in his dance vocabulary, there was a certain consistency in his dance style visual appeal. Though many of his movements and lines were angular and not exactly beautiful and sophisticated like ballet was deemed, there was something about them that was captivating. Despite the seeming control in some of his movements, there was a certain groove and swing in his steps, emphasized by his music that made him such an amazing performer. As a result of his talent in both music and dance, his music and dance style complemented each other to bring out the uniqueness of his style that made him stand out as an artist of his time.Michael Jackson was born with a talented and creative mind. His concept of dance movement was closely intertwined with his creation of music. In his movement creation, he not simply goes with the music, in some cases, he goes against the music as well, giving diversity to the fusion of music and dance. He varies his movements and music in terms of rhythm, for example syncopations, or differing emphasis in music and movements. For example, he chooses to do many short and sharp movements during the silence in the music. His accented movements are usually do ne along with the bass beat of the drums in his music but sometimes, he chooses to leave out certain accents and establish only some of them. On the other hand, sometimes when there are many accents in his music, he chooses to do the opposite with his movements, changing to the smooth style of his dance rather than the accented style. His choreography also catered very aptly to the lyrics and content of his songs, exemplified by the movements that likened to zombies choreographed for the song Thriller. This is an example of versatility in his choreography to suit his music and probably was an added factor to success. Such an integration of choreographic movements and music allows the essence of Michael Jacksons style, both in music and dance, to stand out and complement one another at the same time.Another element that he incorporated into his music and dance was the element of theatre or drama. In his music videos, he unite song, dance and drama together such that many of his musi c videos had storylines, almost like a miniature movie or musical, as in round Criminal. If it was a live concert, he used over-the-top costuming, massive visual elements and even incorporated acrobatic stunts such as having aerialists in his performances. All these were technically complicated and required much technical support (Jackson). As an artist, Michael Jackson strived for perfection by always pushing the limit of complexity and intricacy in what he did and produced. He worked and created with the aim of wanting his audience to feel a sense of awe and wonder watching his whole kit and caboodle, live or on film. adept of the moves he was best k promptlyn for, the anti-gravitational lean, was one of the stunt that achieved that aim and was evidence of his strive in his artistry. The uniqueness of his works was in the perfection he craved in every aspect of his art form, music, theatre, dance and acrobatic elements.Michael Jacksons approach to dance was a relatively holisti c one, he incorporated various divers(a) elements to enhance the effect of his dance. His career, being a singer, songwriter, dancer and actor, created the platform for him to develop dance, not as an isolated entity but as part of a bigger picture that included music, drama and other visual elements.Its Relation and Impact on DanceMichael Jackson was one of the pioneers who paved the way for dance on film, introducing the commercialization of dance in the later part of the twentieth century. Though dance had already existed in other films such as West stance Story and Singin in the Rain, Michael Jacksons music videos markedly pushed dance in film to the next level through the exploration of camera movement and video-editing skills in the ontogeny computer age (Genne 140), along with his extensive use of props, over-the-top costumes and sets as well as dramatic effects. Before Michael Jacksons music videos, camera movements were limited to a planar view and kept mostly to one lev el. Michael Jacksons videos introduced a 3-dimensional view with varying camera movement, along with explorations of different levels. In some of Michael Jacksons videos, some of the screenshots were pulled as high as a few storeys. The video-editing skills required to produce the dramatic effects that his music videos had were also considerably phenomenal, when put in contrast to what had been produced in the past. These progresses enabled audiences to see a fuller picture of dance on film as it was now less 2-dimensional and somewhat closer to seeing it in real-life.With the well-disposed and political climate of America at that time, street dance had become ordinary as a form of self-expression. America was still experiencing the aftermath of World War II and undergoing social changes. Advances in civil rights were taking place and African-Americans began to rise in society as the number of black members in social intercourse increased. Street dance was generally associated wi th the African-Americans and was an expression of the freedom from discrimination that they were slowly experiencing. Such dances began to appear on film, taking dance beyond the studios and even beyond the streets. As Michael Jacksons works gained popularity, his music videos added new dimension and development to the existing dance on films as he was an African-American himself and represented not only the rising of the African-American population but also the coming of a new genre of dance on film, street dance or what is now called rose hip-hop.In many of Michael Jacksons dances, he incorporated strong elements of popping and locking, as well as isolation techniques. These have very strong influences on the hip hop genre of dance that we know of today. At that time, when Michael Jackson first commercialized the technique of popping and locking, it was coined the term robot dance and was very popular amongst the audience. The unveiling of Michael Jacksons robot dance gave new vo cabulary to street dance, which eventually gave rise to hip-hop. Hip-hop today has opened up into several different genres such as popping and locking, and break-dancing, all of which still have tinges of Michael Jacksons influence visible in their styles.Michaels success as a musician and singer attributed to his worldwide influence.. The style of his dance complemented his songs so well that these two elements came together as a package for Michael Jackson as he built his image as an artist. This was come-at-able due to his success in commercializing his music videos which included the aspect of dance. His works were so well-received globally and many sought to imitate what Michael Jackson was capable of doing. His works tug at the heartstrings of audiences and convey Michael Jacksons emotions genuinely through his songs and dance. Moreover, through his years of experience, he recognized what audiences wanted through a performance. They (referring to the audience) just want terr ific experiences, they want escapism. We want to take them to places theyve never been before, we want to show them talent like theyve never seen before. says Michael Jackson. He realized what his audience wanted and sought to abide exactly that, setting him apart from the other artists of his time.

Joseph Conrads Background and Heart of Darkness Plot Summary Essay

Joseph Conrad was an author whose sprightliness was as equally amazing as the stories he wrote. In umteen cases, he derived the situations he wrote about from his many experiences as a seaman and adventurer. Born Teodor Jozef Konrad Korzeniowski on December 3, 1857, of a patriotic Polish couple biography in the Polish Ukraine, he did not have the average childhood of the condemnation (Bibliography 1).   When Conrad was five years old, his father was arrested for alleged actions in revolutionary plots against Russia and was exiled to blue Russia with the young Conrad and his mother. Due to her already weak health, his mother did not last the imprisonment and died at the age of thirty-four. His father sent the young Conrad back to his uncle for an education. strip at twelve years old due to his fathers untimely death, Conrad entered a state of deep emotional stress (Conrad, Joseph). With the break of the strong bond divided up by Conrad and his father, his writings as an adul t would later convey a melancholic attitude.   After receiving a good education in Cracow, Poland, and sp checking time traveling, Conrad decided to leave Poland. At the age of sixteen, he left the grip of Russian-occupied Poland and set out for Marseilles, France to pursue the unlikely career choice of a life at sea. For the next four years he worked on French ships, smuggled guns to Spain, and was allegedly involved in a duel that wounded him. He continued to work at sea, which became an integral part of most of his works, and in 1878 at the age of twenty-one, Conrad left France for England (Conrad, Joseph).   When he arrived in England, Conrad knew no English, but sign onto an English ship anyway. On this ship, he began to learn E... ...incensed that he lied to the woman, but did nothing and left her.   Finally, the scene returns to the present deck of the Nellie where silence ensues with the end of Marlows story. The men share no feelings of the emotional story they have just heard and are more or less indifferent. They just sit undirected on the Thames, which seems to flow into the endless darkness of the horizon.   Works Cited Bibliography of Joseph Conrad. Heart of Darkness & angstrom The Secret Sharer. New York Harper & Brothers, 1983. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness & The Secret Sharer. New York Harper & Brothers, 1910. Conrad, Joseph. Microsoft Encarta. Microsoft Corporation Funk & Wagnallis Corporation, 1994. Guerard, Albert J. Introduction. Heart of Darkness & The Secret Sharer. New York Penguin Books, 1978.  

Essential Amino Acids as Ergogenic Aids :: Health Medical Research Papers

amino Acids Amino acids are considered the building blocks of proteins. Breaking down protein will yield 22 know amino acids. There are three types of amino acids. These are indispensable(essential), conditionally dispensable, and dispensable. Conditionally dispensable amino acids brush aside be synthesized from other amino acids by our bodies. Dispensable amino acids are considered non-essential. Amino acids are one of the six basic nutrients our body needs. Essential Amino Acids acids are central to our discussion with regards to their use in weightlifting and training. httg///www.kaiwan.com/-fitnessalaacid.html (hftp//www.thelinx.com/healthy/aminoacd.htmvaline) (hftp//www.getbig.com/articies/protein.htm) The Essential Amino Acids Of 22 amino acids, 8 or 9, are considered essential because our bodies cant manufacture them. These are tryptophan, lysine, methione, phenylalaine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and histadine. Leucine serves as a substrate for muscle metaboli sm during periods of cellular energy depletion and promotes healing of the skin and broken bones as well as improving alertness. Tryptophan, whose benefits intromit calming, stimulating the release of growth hormones, and cholesterol reduction, is the only essential amino acid whose free form is not currently available in the U.S. lsoleucine helps in the formation of hemoglobin and is used by the muscles for energy. Valine, which promotes muscle coordination, remains unprocessed by the liver allowing it to go directly to muscles. Histadine dilates blood vessels, helps to alleviate symptoms of arthritis and ulcers, and helps in the mathematical product of red and white blood cells. Lysine builds new body tissue and bone, enhances fertility, improves concentration, and may be an effective treatment for certain forms of herpes. Methione reduces fat and protects the kidneys and may also reduces cholesterol levels. Phenylalaine serves to reduce hunger pains, helps in the production of Norepinephrine and collagen, and improves memory and alertness. Threonine assists in metabolism and assimilation, prevents fatty build-up in the liver, and is a component of collagen. (http//www.nutrimart.com/amnoinfo.htm) (http//www.betterbodz.com/suppl/leucine.htmi) (http//www.getbig.com/articles/protein.htm) (http//www.thelinx.com/healthylaminoacd.htmvaline) Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAS) Studies indicate that the presence of branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) after training is critical for recovery If they are ingested before exercise they may alter hormonal responses to high intensity exercise. BCAA supplementation occurring during the exercise may have several health benefits, including improved physiological and psychological responses to endurance exercise. BCAAs can compromise up to thirty-five percent of muscle tissue and a lack of any one of the three can result in a decrease in muscle strength and tone(Natures Pantry Free Pamphlet).